Understanding Ovarian Cancer: What Every Woman Should Know

Ovarian cancer—two words that can feel overwhelming and intimidating. My aim as a physician is to share information that’s clear, practical and helpful about this condition. Here’s a look at what ovarian cancer really is, its risk factors, signs and the steps women can take to stay proactive about their health.

What Is Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer starts when cells in the ovaries grow out of control. The ovaries, located on each side of the uterus, produce hormones and release eggs as part of the reproductive process. Though ovarian cancer is a serious condition, catching it early can make a significant difference in treatment effectiveness.

Who Is at Risk?

While ovarian cancer can affect any woman, the risk generally increases with age. Women over , but age isn’t the only factor. Family history, past cancers (like breast, uterine or colorectal) and specific genetic backgrounds (such as Eastern European or Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry) may elevate your risk. Conditions like endometriosis and certain reproductive histories, like never having given birth, may also be contributing factors.

Note that having a risk factor doesn’t mean you will get ovarian cancer. It’s about being aware and taking proactive steps when necessary.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of ovarian cancer can be subtle and easy to overlook. Here’s what to watch for:

• Unusual vaginal bleeding (especially post-menopause) or discharge
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• Back pain
• Bloating or feeling of fullness
• Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
• Changes in bathroom habits (more frequent or urgent need to urinate, constipation)

While these symptoms can be caused by other, less serious conditions, speak with your doctor if they persist for two weeks or longer.

Can You Prevent Ovarian Cancer?

While there’s no sure way to prevent ovarian cancer, certain lifestyle choices and medical steps may help lower your risk. Long-term use of birth control pills, for example, has shown some protective effects, especially when taken for five years or more. Pregnancy and breastfeeding may also slightly reduce the risk, according to studies.

For some women, specific surgeries like tubal ligation (getting your tubes tied) or removing the ovaries may be considered preventive measures. Each approach carries its own benefits and considerations, so discuss these options with your doctor based on your individual health needs.

How Is Ovarian Cancer Diagnosed?

Currently, there isn’t a simple, reliable test to detect ovarian cancer in women without symptoms. Unlike cervical cancer, which can be screened with a Pap test, ovarian cancer requires more specific tests:

• Rectovaginal pelvic exam
• Transvaginal ultrasound
• CA-125 blood test (measures a protein that can be higher in some women with ovarian cancer)

These tests may be helpful for women with a family history of ovarian cancer or unexplained symptoms that could indicate the disease.

If Diagnosed, What Next?

Hearing that you have ovarian cancer can be life-altering, but you’re not alone. Seek a referral to a gynecologic oncologist—these specialists are experts in managing ovarian cancer and will work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan. Together, we can explore your options and find the approach that best supports your health.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can ovarian cancer be detected early?

Regular check-ups and discussions with your doctor about any concerning symptoms or family history can help.

Does a high CA-125 level always mean I have ovarian cancer?

No, a highevel isn’t exclusive to ovarian cancer. It can also rise due to conditions like endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease, so further testing is essential for a diagnosis.

Is genetic testing helpful for ovarian cancer?

Yes, genetic testing can be beneficial, especially for women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer. Testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations can provide insights into your risk and inform preventive strategies.

How does ovarian cancer treatment affect fertility?

Ovarian cancer treatments can impact fertility, depending on the type and stage of cancer and the treatment approach. For those concerned about fertility, it’s crucial to discuss options like egg freezing before starting treatment.

Can lifestyle changes reduce my risk?

While no lifestyle change can eliminate the risk, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly and managing known risk factors can support overall health and may help reduce your risk.